8 people found this helpful. implemented with permission of Sika® Corporate Legal in Baar. Our ground-breaking Sika Watertight Concrete System is specifically designed for water resistance underground. Sika 300ml Arctic White Sikasil NG - White (2) 2 colours. 1272/2008) Výstražné symboly nebez-pečnosti : Signálním slovem : Nebezpečí Standardní věty o nebez-pečnostiCataproduct found 9000 products for the search term 'sika rapid' at 20 shop(s), including Amazon. SikaMembran® Universal is an EPDM sheet membrane with a high vapour diffusion resistance (s d value 62 m) and is thus applicable on both the warm (high vapour pressure) and the cold (low vapour pressure) side of the construction under most climatic conditions. Použitie Rýchla penetrácia pred lepením drevených podláh lepidlami SikaBond ® Penetrácia pod cementové produkty radu Sika ® Level, Sikafloor® Level a. Anyway, I have used Sika Rapid DPM for laying engineered hardwood flooring on concrete in the past. Part of the global Sika Group, operating in seven target markets: Concrete, Waterproofing, Roofing, Flooring, Sealing and Bonding, Refurbishment and Industry. Sales & Support. 7,855 1,619 113. For detailed instructions consult the Product Data Sheets or contact our Technical De- Product Data Sheet SikaBond® Rapid DPM April 2018, Version 01. Share. When using Bostik Screedmaster Rapid DPM no priming is required. Cataproduct found 9000 products for the search term 'sikabond rapid dpm' at 20 shop(s), including Amazon. MPN FPSKMURINJCM100. £21. popis. Sikabond Rapid DPM. The installation of a liquid damp proof membrane is a vital stage in the construction process, for both new builds and refurbishment work where a structural DPM may be missing or damaged, or where residual construction moisture is present in the floor. This item: Sika SikaBond Rapid DPM (Damp Proof Membrane) Liquid, 5 Litre. Please contact Sika France SA Botswana. 8 people found this helpful. 80 £153. Collect This Latest Deal And Gran $10 Off Promotion On Sika Roof Paint. Waterproofing Coating Sika Lube One, Liquid ₹ 150/ Kg Get Latest Price . For moisture contents at 3. Early stripping and re-use of. SikaBond®- Rapid DPM Product Data Sheet Edition 03/02/2020 Identification no: 01 05 02 04 100 0 000004 SikaBond®- Rapid DPM Solvent Free Reaction Curing Resin Primer and Damp Proof Membrane for Cement Based Substrates Product Description SikaBond®- Rapid DPM is a single part moisture curing reaction polyurethane. 140. SIKA LIMITED Watchmead Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire, AL7 1BQ Tel: 01707 394444 Web: Twitter: @SikaLimited EVERBUILDBLACKJACK908DPM-en-GBEVER-(09-2023)-2-1. weak substrates use Sika® Primer MB or SikaBond® Rapid DPM (for detailed instructions consult Product Data Sheets or contact our Technical Department). Condiciones de Almacenamiento Sika® Rapid®-1 debe ser almacenado en su envase original bien cerrado, bajo techo, en un lugar fresco y seco. Sika Portugal - Produtos Construção e Indústria SA Benin. Opening Hours: Mon - Fri: 8am - 5:30pm. Barcode 5055047210603. (+20°C/50% w. Cement based coating for preventing water and damp penetration in walls and floors. SikaBond® Rapid DPM je 1komponentní penetrace na bázi polyuretanové pryskyřice. Sika is a leading supplier of construction and industrial products in New Zealand. 2021 Datum posledního vydání: 13. 1komponentní, připraven přímo k použití. Shri Bala Ji Oils. 85 Inc. Share (0) Wakol PU280 Polyurethane Primer. Especially suited to refurbishment projects where old adhesive residues are present. Rapid setting. SikaBond Rapid DPM je 1-komponentní penetrace na podlahy pod lepidla SikaBond, neobsahuje rozpouštědla, rychle vytvrzuje, slouží i jako bariéra proti vlhkosti. pdf Product Data Sheet SikaRapid®-1 (NZ) December 2019, Version 01. PRODUKTOVÝ LIST SikaBond® Rapid DPM 1KOMPONENTNÍ PENETRACE NA PODLAHY POD LEPIDLA SIKABOND®, NEOBSAHUJE ROZPOUŠTĚDLA, RYCHLE VYTVRZUJE,. Sika Limited, the UK subsidiary of the worldwide Sika Group was established in 1927 and produces and markets a wide range of state-of-the-art systems covering construction products, industrial manufacturing, automotive manufacturing and DIY products ranges. Damp Proof Membranes. Sika is a leading supplier of construction and industrial products in New Zealand. SikaBond® Rapid DPM являє собою однокомпонентну поліуретанову ґрунтовку, що твердне від вологи в повітрі. USES For priming, consolidating and sealing of: Absorbent and non-absorbent sub-floors, consolidat- ing weak cement screed and isolation of old adhesive residues. Description. The first step in optimizing concrete is to recognize that concrete is no longer simply cementitious. For Priming, Consolidating and Sealing of: Absorbent and Non-absorbent sub-floors, consolidating. brane such as SikaBond® Rapid DPM. Glazed ceramic and old ceramic tiles: Degrease or grind the tile surfaces and vacuum thoroughly. £14. flooringman Well-Known Member. £14. Level with Arditex NA again (advised by Ardex to form sandwich DPM) This will work out quite expensive (for me anyway - £500 ish for floor leveller, dpm and parquet adhesive). Can be used as a Damp Proof Membrane on sub- floors not under hydrostatic pressure. Szybkoschnąca – około 45 min. £70. SikaBond Rapid DPM. 99. It is also used for structural concrete repairs, joint filling, and crack sealing. VAT. SikaBond Rapid DPM represents a damp proof membrane for cement based substrates beneath all floor coverings. A damp-proof membrane is a layer of material usually laid below concrete floors during construction. SikaBond Rapid DPM SAFETY DATA SHEET Product name SikaBond Rapid DPM Conforms to Regulation (EC) No. Sika Group. If you do have a working DPM then you will need to apply a surface one also for solid wood. SikaBond Rapid DPM is a solvent free, single part moisture curing reaction polyurethane primer and damp proof membrane for cement based substrates. SikaBond® Rapid DPM Author: Sika CZ, s. 02 020512081000000002 ТЕХНІЧНА КАРТА МАТЕРІАЛУ SikaBond® Rapid DPM ҐРУНТОВКА БЕЗ РОЗЧИННИКА ДЛЯ ЗАХИСТУ ВІД ВОЛОГИ НА ЦЕМЕНТНИХ ОСНОВАХ ОПИС SikaBond® Rapid DPM являє собою. Do not use in conjunction with any other materials other than those recommended by Sika Limited. Write a review. Sika® 2. For detailed instructions consult the Product Data Sheets or contact our Technical De- Product Data Sheet SikaBond® Rapid DPM April 2018, Version 01. Downloads. Sika rapid dpm. 1-komponentná penetrácia na podlahy pod lepidlá SikaBond®, neobsahuje rozpúštadlá, rýchlo vytvrdzuje, slúži aj ako bariéra proti vlhkosti. We are passionate about the products we produce, we have always worked on the simple premise that Trade User will only come back for good products, so that's all we make!You could have a look at Sika rapid dpm, it can be used as a primer to isolate old adhesive residue, but i'd check with sika first, just to make sure it's suitable Paul webb , Feb 11, 2021 #2Sikaplan®-1650 DPM Gas Barrier; Sikaplan® 1651 / 1652 / 1653 Gas Barriers; Sodium Bentonite System (Type A) Sika BentoShield® MAX LM; Cavity Drainage System (Type C) Sika® CD – Cavity Drainage System; Structural Render System (Type A) Sika® 1 – Pre-Bagged; Sika® -1 Pre-Bag LC Render; Liquid Applied Membrane Systems (Type A). Loading Files. 10. Out of stock. Reviewed in the United Kingdom 🇬🇧 on 10 August 2021. Sika Waterproof Coating Grey 5kg (83502) (67) compare. 17 ± 0. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION. Sika Rapid Dpm Polyurethane Primer Craftedforlife: SikaBond® Rapid DPM 1. Spec Sheet Sika Sikabond Paintable Damp Proof Membrane 5 Ltr 20sq/m [0. For detailed instructions consult the Product Data Sheets or contact our Technical De- Product Data Sheet SikaBond® Rapid DPM April 2018, Version 01. Sikaplan®-1650 DPM Gas Barrier; Sikaplan® 1651 / 1652 / 1653 Gas Barriers; Sodium Bentonite System (Type A) Sika BentoShield® MAX LM;. It can be applied in several ways, depending on your preferences. From £46. Tile & Stone Installation Systems. h. of 3 /3. £89. Delivery Free delivery available (restrictions apply) Log in to buy. Sika is a global technology leader in elastic and structural adhesives and sealants offering innovative and enhanced solutions for novel joining methods. SikaRapid®-4 may also be added into the premix truck on site. Rychlý penetrační nátěr na bázi polyuretanu. Broadcast mastic asphalt: Must be primed with Sika ® Primer MB / SikaBond ® Rapid DPM. 45 minutes at 50% r. 3 offers from £24. 74. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION SikaLatex® Ultra is a high performance, latex modified cement based self levelling compound for floor smoothing and levelling uneven rigid internal. r. static water vapour pressure, SikaBond® Rapid DPM must only be installed after the application of Sika-floor® 81 EpoCem. Sikadur®-31 CF Rapid Author: SIKA LIMITED, Watchmead, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL7 1BQ, Tel: 01707 394444, Web: Twitter:. flooringman Well-Known Member. Cavity Drainage System. Sika: MPN: SKBDRAPDPM5: ean: 5055047210603: Best Seller: No: Recently Added: No: Reviews . 1-part, ready to use. Neue PU-Technologie Purform: Beste Leistung bei höchster Arbeitssicherheit für Kleb- und Dichtanwendungen. 95 Ex VAT £16. 1-part, ready to use. Guía de Hormigonado Sika® Rapid®-1 se agrega a la mezcla disuelto en la última parte del agua de mezcla o paralelamente al agua durante la elaboración del concreto,2 Installation Instructions for your new Tuscan Multiply Herringbone Engineered Wood Floor The key to long term performance of any floor is the quality of the. Algeria. 10. 04 per litre. 1-komponentná penetrácia na podlahy pod lepidlá SikaBond®, neobsahuje rozpúštadlá, rýchlo vytvrdzuje, slúži aj ako bariéra proti vlhkostiSika are extremely passionate about flooring adhesive and are continually investing in product research and development to achieve the highest possible standards. Write Your Own Review. Please refer to the respective Product Data Sheet. SikaBond® Rapid DPM Вересень 2022, Версія 01. As for the DPC in the brick that usually depends on external ground levels you. Technická data penetrace: barva: hnědá; spotřeba: 100 - 400 ml (dle použití a savosti podkladu)Sika is a specialty chemicals company with a leading position in the development and production of systems and products for bonding, sealing, damping, reinforcing and protecting. This product can be returned if returned unopened, unused and in a fully resalable condition. Please contact Sika South Africa (Pty) Ltd. 90 £149. Sika 4A SDS. 13 users rated this 5 out of 5 stars 13. Sika Rapid DPM 5ltr. Chemical Admixtures Are One of the Components in High Performance Concrete. £104. SGAN. Kiedy nakładana jest więcej niż jedna warstwa Sika-Bond® Rapid DPM, warstwa druga powinna być nakła-dana prostopadle do kierunku nakładania warstwy pierwszej. 1. 93 Inc VAT) We love to send our customers exclusive offers and the latest product launches via email, if you'd to keep in the know, fill out your details and we'll pop you on the list! Protect your subfloor build-up from moisture damage with a professional damp proof membrane - in stock and ready for. 1907/2006 (REACH), Annex II - United Kingdom (UK):. Used for priming, consolidating and sealing of absorbent and non-absorbent sub-floors, consolidating weak cement screed and isolation of old adhesive residues. o. For detailed instructions consult the Product Data Sheets or contact our Technical De- Product Data Sheet SikaBond® Rapid DPM April 2018, Version 01. Compare Product. 99 £74. On cement based substrates where moisture levels are above 2% CM but below 5% CM install a liquid applied damp proof membrane such as Sika Bond Rapid DPM. 201 Polito Avenue Lyndhurst New Jersey 07071 United States of America phone +1 (201) 933-8800 fax +1 (201) 804 1076. SikaRapid®-1 is a non-chloride hardening accelerator formulated to increase the early strength of concrete without affecting the initial workability. sika. 4. co. Loading Files. 99. £70. Sikabond Rapid Dpm 5L. SikaBond Rapid DPM is used for the. The brochure covers various applications and benefits of Sika Rapid Technology, such as fast curing, high strength, low shrinkage, and durability. Suitable for underfloor heating. Sika Rapid DPM is intended for priming and sealing absorbent and non-absorbent subfloors,Shop Sika SikaBond Rapid DPM (Damp Proof Membrane) Liquid, 5 Litre online at best prices at desertcart - the best international shopping platform in INDIA. Sika SikaBond Resin Rapid DPM Primer 5 Litre SKBDRAPDPM5. Willkommen bei Sika Österreich: Alles über Konzern & Tätigkeitsfelder Karrieremöglichkeiten Veranstaltungen News & Referenzen Jetzt informieren!static water vapour pressure, SikaBond® Rapid DPM must only be installed after the application of Sika-floor® 81 EpoCem. Loading Files. Earn $10 OFF Promotional Deal For Sika Roof Paint. Never miss out on our latest offers. 19/kg) Sikaplan®-1650 DPM Detailing Strip SDS. Whether you need to seal, bond,. com Subject: Product Data Sheet Keywords: Sikalastic® EP Primer Rapid 020915951000000067 Two component, fast curing universal primer for Sikalastic® RoofPro SystemsBuy cheap SikaBond Rapid DPM, 5L from our range of damp proofing & levelling. 10. Sika Rapid DPM is intended for priming and sealing absorbent and non-absorbent subfloors,Sika Rapid DPM is a single part moisture curing reaction to polyurethane. Flooring substrate must be adequately pro-tected from moisture ingress under hydrostatic pres-sure. 00m². com, Damp-proof membrane forSikaBond® Rapid DPM Datum revize: 08. PRODUCT CODE: SDH0931. Construction. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for SikaBond 54 Wood Floor - Elastic adhesive solvant free for wood flooring - 6,5kg - Brown at Amazon. 0 out of 5 stars Superb for renovation projects. 2021. Adhesive Systems. SikaBond® Rapid DPM jest jednoskładnikowym, wiążącym pod wpływem wilgoci poliuretanem. w. Standard: Sika Trader in lucknow. Match case Limit results 1 per page. Adhesive Systems. £11699. o. 29. SikaBond®- Rapid DPM is a solvent free, single part moisture curing reaction polyurethane primer and damp proof membrane for cement-based substrates. In this case, the concrete should then be mixed for an extra 1 minute for every cubic metre of concrete. Fast-curing low-VOC epoxy adhesive for structural bonding and concrete repair. Open Monday-Friday - 9AM-5PM. When laying a solid wood, Real Wood or laminate floor over a cement-based sub-floor, a paintable damp proof membrane should be used to prevent moisture penetrating from below. Sika Rapid DPM. Особливо. SHOW DEAL. It is usually used when laying wooden flooring onto concrete as it acts as a barrier between the concrete (or screed) and your bamboo flooring. Glazed ceramic and old ceramic tiles: Degrease or grind the tile surfaces and vacuum thoroughly. Internal or external applied waterstops based on PVC, TPO or galvanised steel for construction and movement joints. 42. Sika Code 175129. Features: Rapid drying (approx 45 minutes at 50% Rh & 20 degree Celsius). The concrete should then be checked visually for uniform. Broadcast mastic asphalt: Must be primed with Sika Primer MB / SikaBond Rapid DPM. Shop Sika SikaBond Rapid DPM (Damp Proof Membrane) Liquid, 5 Litre online at best prices at desertcart - the best international shopping platform in Jamaica. 5L water. In the presence of water these swell and block the capillaries and pores in the applied sand cement renders, screeds and mortar to provide an effective water barrier against the transmission of liquid water. 85 Inc. used 1. Within 90 daysSikabond Rapid Liquid DPM for Wood Flooring. 42. comSika® Primer MB is a 2-component epoxy primer and moisture barrier for SikaBond wood flooring adhesives applied on difficult substrates. 0 Print Date 10. Coverage. Sika SikaBond Rapid DPM Resin Liquid Primer 5 Litre. Write Your Own Review. EASY Returns & Exchange. More Info. Bonding is a powerful way to replace welding, screws, bolts and nails and add secondary functions like sealing, dampening or compensation of surface irregularities at the. Sika Group. chipboards, plywood): Glue/screw the boards to the substructure. 50 Inc VAT. 25 £102. Apply ARDEX DPM 1 C to protect the floorcovering installation from residual construction moisture and ground bearing moisture. Add to Cart. Sika®-4 Rapid Setting is used to aid the quick setting of cement based renders and concretes where low water pressure or slow moving water exists. 55 Ex VAT £17. No produts were found. 02 020512081000000002 ТЕХНІЧНА КАРТА МАТЕРІАЛУ SikaBond® Rapid DPM ҐРУНТОВКА БЕЗ РОЗЧИННИКА ДЛЯ ЗАХИСТУ ВІД ВОЛОГИ НА ЦЕМЕНТНИХ ОСНОВАХ ОПИС SikaBond® Rapid DPM являє собою. Unfilled (3mm to 50mm thick) Mix Sikafloor 245 Level Deep Fill Ultra with clean water only. Sika Rapid DPM. Case Studies. 10 per can, Inc. 03 020204030010000043 PRODUCT DATA SHEET Sikadur®-31 CF Rapid 2-component thixotropic epoxy adhesive. Sika Sikamur Injectocream-100 Damp Proof Membrane Liquid 300ml. MPN SKBDRAPDPM5. £11699. SikaBond ®-Rapid DPM je 1-komponentná penetrácia na báze polyuretánovej živice. All surfaces must be sound, clean, dry and free from. Sika SikaBond Rapid DPM (Damp Proof Membrane) Liquid is a rapid drying, single part moisture curing polyurethane. Click & Collect Available for collection. Compare Product. 10. 2014 Version 2. Out of stock. VAT £58. The rapid completion of construction and refurbishment works has been a driver of innovation since. Find your nearest distributor. It helps to prevent damp and moisture from entering the building’s structure and interior. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. Holes/cavities; use a suitable cement based repair mortar, such as Use Sika® MonoTop-112 MultiUse Re-pair Mortar (previously known as Sika® MiniPack Con- Features & benefits. Replace SikaBond PVA+ with SikaBond SBR+ when using externally. 5. 2 - 0. Brand : sika. 44m wide heavy-duty drainage and protection sheet to safeguard the membrane and provide a drainage pathway to a maintainable land drain,. Please refer to the respective Product Data Sheet. Report. Bona Wood Floor Cleaner 4 Litre Refill. Compatible with all SikaBond wood floor adhesives. 95. Holes/cavities: use a suit-able cement based repair mortar and allow to fully cure. Make an offer:Výrobky značky: Sika. Reduced or eliminated heat or. Always check and record moisture content of subfloor. 99 £74. It’s rolled directly onto the concrete takes 2 -3 coats. Compare Product. 4. Brand: QR29721 | In Stock RRP £124. Safety Datasheets. h. SikaBond® Rapid DPM je 1komponentní penetrace na bázi polyuretanové pryskyřice. Alternatively, apply a bonding coat of undiluted Sika- Bond PVA+ and allow to become tacky before ap- plying levelling compound. Suitable for use in tropical and hot climatic conditions. Používa sa ako penetrácia, k spevneniu a uzavretiu nasiakavých aj nenasiakavých podkladov. Buy cheap SikaBond Rapid DPM, 5L from our range of damp proofing & levelling. SikaBond Rapid DPM 5 LTR. Compare. View all: Sika Waterproof Sealants. Barcode 7612894892604. Inc. 1-7%, use in conjunction with a moisture barrier. Product Data Sheet Sika® MB EZ Rapid August 2023, Version 01. SikaBond® Rapid DPM je 1komponentní penetrace na bázi polyuretanové pryskyřice. SikaBond Rapid DPM is a single-part moisture curing polyurethane. SikaBond® Rapid DPM Maj 2020, Wersja 01. Waterproofing. Adhesive must be applied within the Sika® MB EZ Rapid open time of 48 hours followed with the nailing of the wood flooring. Suitable for use with SikaBond wood flooring adhesives. MPN SKBDRAPDPM5. 54. $24,977. American Black Walnut Engineered boards, Theydon Bois, Essex: the sober and classical look is underlined by the frames around both fireplaces. 3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Company name of supplier : Sika Limited Watchmead Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire. £113. It can be used as a damp-proof membrane on sub-floors not under hydrostatic pressure. 95 Ex VAT £16. 14 product ratings. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. 0 Datum vytištění 11. SikaBond Rapid DPM can be used as a Damp Proof. 01 020512081000000002 2 / 3 static water vapour pressure, SikaBond® Rapid DPM must only be installed after the application of Sika-floor® 81 EpoCem. Velmi rychle vytvrzuje (cca 45 minut při +20 °C a 50 % r. Coat Depth: 10mm. Helpful. Glazed ceramic and old ceramic tiles: Degrease, clean with Sika ® Aktivator-205 or grind the tile surfaces and vacuum thoroughly. 1-Komponetná penetrácia SikaBond -Rapid DPM 5L Úvod Chémia Sika Chémia SIKA penetračné nátery pre lepenie parkiet 1-Komponetná penetrácia SikaBond -Rapid DPM 5L 1-Komponentná pentrácia na báze polyuretanovej živice pod ledpidlá SikaBond, neobsahuje rozpúšťadlá, rychlo vytvrdzuje, slúži aj ako bariéra proti vlhkosti. merit Well-Known Member. 2 Datum vytištění 11. Waterproof. Add to Cart. Residues of old adhesive not being isolated with Sika Primer-MB or SikaBond Rapid DPM must be removed mechanically as they may affect adhesion. SikaRapid®-1 provides the following advantages through accelerated hardening of the concrete: Faster turnaround of formwork in precast applications. v. Concrete / cement screed: Must have an open texture, be dry and thoroughly cleaned with industrial vacuum cleaner. SikaBond® Rapid DPM is a single part moisture curing polyurethane. Sika Rapid DPM is intended for priming and sealing absorbent and non-absorbent subfloors, Also suitable for. SikaBond Rapid DPM is used for the priming and sealing of absorbent and non absorbent subfloors, the consolidating of weak cement screed and isolation of old adhesive residues. Countries Odkud jste a jakým mluvíte jazykem? Africa. pri +20 °C a 50% r. 55 Ex VAT £17. Refer to the Bostik Screedmaster Rapid DPM product data sheet for application details. 24 Ex VAT )Sika Rapid DPM is a single part moisture curing reaction polyurethane. co. Flooring substrate must be adequately pro-tected from moisture ingress under hydrostatic pres-sure. Barcode 5055047210603. read more. Sika SikaBond Rapid DPM Resin Liquid Primer 5 Litre. Sika® Rapid-1 is a non-chloride strength/hardening accelerator formulated to increase the early strength of concrete without affecting the initial workability. £86. 4. Sika® BituSeal S-115 is designed for use as an underlayer in fully self-adhesive multi-ply built-up systems. £104. 02 021402021000000134 2 / 2 SikaBond ®-Rapid DPM je 1-komponentná penetrácia na báze polyuretánovej živice. Sika Sikamur Injectocream-100 Damp Proof Membrane Liquid 300ml. 2018 Verze 3. £113. SikaBond Rapid DPM je 1-komponentní penetrace na podlahy pod lepidla SikaBond, neobsahuje rozpouštědla, rychle vytvrzuje, slouží i jako bariéra proti vlhkosti. Does anyone have any experience with sika rapid dpm? Trimmer, Nov 4, 2013 #1. Hardening Accelerator - Admixture. ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ / ПЕРЕВАГИ. Sika Code 175129. 35MB] Features Specifications Details Product Measurements Guarantees & Accreditations Installation DocumentsRapid DPM n Rapid cure liquid damp-proof membrane n Primes and consolidates porous screeds. Check for Delivery. Walkable in 6 hours. more details. SikaBond Rapid DPM is a solvent free, single part moisture curing reaction polyurethane primer and damp proof membrane for cement-based substrates. Suitable for underfloor heating. We offer a wide range of products, including sealants, adhesives, concrete admixtures, and waterproofing membranes. 46 Inc VAT. A***R Reviewed in the United States on Reviewed in the United Kingdom 🇬🇧.